- The Eyüp Sultan Mosque (Turkish: Eyüp Sultan Camii) is situated in the district of Eyüp on the European side of Istanbul, near the Golden Horn, outside the Walls of Constantinople. Built in 1458, it was the first mosque constructed by the Ottoman Turks following the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453.[1]
- The mosque rises next to the place where Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (Turkish: Eyüp Sultan), the standard-bearer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, is said to have been buried during the Arab assault on Constantinople in 670. His tomb is greatly venerated by Muslims, attracting many pilgrims. Some of the personal belongings of Muhammad are preserved in the building that houses the tomb.
The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate, But in this world a spell of health is the best state. What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war; Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estate's. — For the throne, by Suleiman the Magnificent
Ahad, 31 Mac 2013
Kenali Masjid Ayyub Sultan (versi English)
Kubur Sayyidina Abu Ayyub al-Ansari r.a di Masjid Ayyub Sultan
Kenali Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
- Abu Ayyub al-Ansari r.a (587 - 668) atau nama sebenarnya Khalid bin Zaid bin Kulaib dari Bani An-Najjar. Beliau mendapat penghormatan kerana Rasulullah s.a.w turun dari unta baginda di rumah beliau selepas baginda memasuki Madinah semasa baginda berhijrah ke sana dari Mekah.
- Semasa Rasulullah s.a.w memasuki Madinah, setiap orang dari kalangan orang-orang Ansar bercita-cita supaya Rasulullah s.a.w turun dari unta baginda di rumah mereka. Mereka menghalang perjalanan unta Nabi s.a.w secara silih berganti supaya unta baginda menghala ke rumah mereka kemudian Nabi bersabda kepada mereka, terjemahannya: "Biarkanlah ia pergi kerana ia telah diperintahkan". Lalu unta tersebut terus berjalan sehinggalah ia berhenti di halaman rumah Abu Ayyub Al-Ansari r.a.
- Abu Ayyub terlalu gembira melihat keadaan tersebut lalu beliau terus mendapatkan Rasulullah s.a.w menyambut kedatangan baginda dengan perasaan terlalu gembira dan rasa sangat terharu sambil membawa barang-barang yang dibawa oleh Nabi s.a.w seolah-olah beliau membawa khazanah dunia kemudian terus masuk ke rumahnya.
- Sebelum kediaman tetap baginda Rasulullah s.a.w dibina di sekeliling masjid baginda, baginda menumpang selama 7 bulan di rumah Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.[1] Rumah Abu Ayyub mempunyai dua tingkat. Pada mulanya, beliau meminta baginda untuk tinggal di tingkat atas kerana tidak berasa senang apabila kakinya berada di atas kepala nabi ketika berada di rumah. Namun baginda tetap mahu tinggal di bawah supaya mudah untuk baginda menerima tetamu.
- Walau bagaimanapun, akhirnya permintaan Abu Ayyub supaya baginda tinggal di tingkat atas dipersetujui oleh baginda setelah berlaku suatu peristiwa. Pada suatu hari, bekas air telah pecah menyebabkan air bertakungan di atas lantai di tingkat atas dan hampir menitis ke tingkat bawah melalui celah-celah lubang lantai. Oleh sebab risau jika air itu menitis ke atas kepala baginda Nabi, beliau dan isteri bertungkus-lumus mengeringkan air itu. Disebabkan risau kejadian seperti itu berulang lagi, Abu Ayyub besungguh-sungguh meminta Rasulullah s.a.w untuk tinggal di tingkat atas.
- Pada setiap malam, Saad bin Ubadah, As'ad bin Zurarah dan Zaid bin Thabit akan berkawal di rumah Abu Ayyub kerana riasu akan keselamatan baginda Nabi saw. Makan minum baginda Nabi saw disediakan oleh isteri Abu Ayyub, iaitu Ummu Ayyub al-Ansari. Abu Ayyub sekeluarga hanya makan lebihan makanan yang ditinggalkan oleh baginda. Selain makanan yang disediakan oleh keluarga Abu Ayyub, setiap hari akan ada sahabat-sahabat lain yang menghantarkan makanan kepada baginda. Kebiasaannya apabila ada sahabat yang menghantarkan makanan kepada baginda, Nabi Muhammad s.a.w akan memanggil para sahabat baginda untuk makan bersama-sama. Menurut riwayat, sahabat yang pertama menghantarkan makanan kepada baginda ialah Zaid bin Thabit sementara yang paling kerap menghantarkan makanan ialah Saad bin Ubadah dan dan As'ad bin Zurarah.
- Sepanjang beliau menyediakan makanan kepada Nabi saw, Abu Ayyub mengetahui amalan pemakanan baginda yang tidak mengambil bawang. Pada suatu hari, Ummu Ayyub memasak makanan yang dicampur dengan bawang dan mendapati baginda langsung tidak menyentuh bawang dalam hidangan tersebut. Nabi saw menjelaskan sebab baginda mengelak daripada memakan bawang adalah kerana tidak mahu menyakitkan sahabat baginda. Sahabat yang dimaksudkan oleh baginda itu tidak lain tidak bukan ialah para malaikat.
- Beliau terlibat dalam peperangan menentang kerajaan Rom Byzantine sejak mula perjuangan hinggalah ke zaman pemerintahan Muawiyah. Dalam ekspedisi Khalifah Muawiyah untuk menakluk kota Constantinople, beliau yang sudah tua meninggal dunia akibat jatuh sakit. Beliaulah yang diisyaratkan oleh baginda dalam hadisnya yang bermaksud:
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- "Seorang lelaki yang soleh akan syahid dan akan dikuburkan di bawah kubu kota Constantinople"[2]
- Ketika hayat baginda, Nabi Muhammad s.a.w telah mengisyaratkan bahawa Constantinople bakal jatuh ke tangan orang Islam. "Rajanya adalah sebaik-baik raja, tenteranya adalah sebaik-baik tentera dan rakyatnya adalah sebaik-baik rakyat."
- Setelah ditanya mengenai wasiat beliau mahu dikebumikan di bawah kubu kota Constantinople, Abu Ayyub menjelaskan bahawa beliau mahu mendengar derapan kuda sebaik-baik raja yang memimpin sebaik-baik tentera ketika mereka bergerak masuk ke dalam Constantinople.
- Turki Uthmaniyyah mengangkat beliau sebagai idola dalam usaha pembebasan kota Constantinople ketika zaman pemerintahan Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih.
Jumaat, 29 Mac 2013
The Great Conquest of Constantinople
Constantinople
- Ever since Constantine the Great moved his capital from Rome to the old Greek city of Byzantium and named it after himself, Constantinople had been coveted by enemies. Russians and Arabs, Magyars and Bulgars, Vikings and Seljuk Turks had all besieged it. It had resisted them all.
- On the north of the city a wall studded with towers ran along the shore of the Golden Horn , then around the point and down along the Sea of Marmara, south of the town .
- To the west of the city, on dry land, were Constantinople's famous double walls.
- Actually, there were three walls, because the inner face of the water ditch in front of the walls—a moat 60 feet wide and 15 feet deep—was built high enough above the surface of the ground to act as a breastwork . Behind the moat was a 25-foot wall with towers less than a bowshot apart . Twenty yards behind that wall was a 45-foot wall with 112 towers, each 60 feet high .
- The native Greeks (Greek Orthodox) hated the "Latins " (Roman Catholics) . The Latins returned the feeling. The town of Galata, across the Golden Horn , had been settled by Genoese, who declared their neutrality in the coming battle with the Turks .
- To gain help from the West, Emperor John VI , the predecessor of Constantine XI, agreed to accept the leadership of the Pope . This outraged his own people .
- When Constantine accepted Latin help, an Orthodox priest named Gennadius roused a mob , which rioted outside the Emperor's palace shouting "Death to the excommunicated! " (the Latins).
- Of 25,000 men of military age in the city, Constantine could find only 5,000 willing to fight the Turks . The Pope sent 20 0 men under a Cardinal Isidore, and a number of Latin (mostly Italian) volunteers and mercenaries joined the defenders.
- In response, the Orthodox priests announced that they would refuse absolution to anyone who had any dealings with the Latins . Altogether, Constantine could oppose Mohammed's 200,000 men with about 8,000 .
- Mohammed's army, however, looked more formidable than it was. Of the 200,000, according to a Florentine soldier named Tedaldi, only 140,000 were effective soldiers. The rest were "thieves, plunderers, hawkers, and others following the army for gain and booty. "
- But 12,000 of the soldiers were Janissaries, the best infantry of any European nation .The rest were Bashi-bazouks, Turkish feudal cavalry, and peasant militia from Anatolia.
- The most impressive part of the Turkish army was its artillery. Mohammed had more guns and bigger guns than any prince in Europe or Asia. He has been called
"the world's first great artilleryman. " - If cannons were Mohammed' s greatest asset, Constantine's greatest asset was two men, both foreigners and Latins : Giovanni Giustiani of Genoa, a famous commander who arrived with 700 soldiers in two large galleys, and Johann Grant, a German military engineer. Constantine appointed Giustiani commander-in-chief of his forces.
- Mohammed took a few Byzantine outposts , in one case, driving out the garrison with a gas attack, using burning sulfur. He then impaled the garrisons. Next, he
brought up his heavy guns . The guns moved at a snail's pace . To drag one of these guns took 50 yoke of oxen and 45 0 men . It took about two hours to load each gun ,
and the guns could fire only seven or eight shots a day. - Constantine and Giustiani had plenty of warning about where the attack would take place. That was a good thing , because Constantine had only one man for each 18-foot section of wall if he spread them evenly. As it was, in the sections of the wall not directly threatened , Giustiani reduced the defenders of the towers to squads of three or four men .
The assault
On April 12 , Mohammed began the world's first organized artillery bombard-
ment . There were a dozen great bombards , enormous cannons that fired stone balls
weighing more than 1,400 pound s and 56 smaller guns . Firing went on night and
day, but at first without noticeable effect. Then the Turkish gunners concentrated on
a single spot on the wall. Eventually, the outer wall crumbled , but the Turks found
that their enemies had built a new wall behind it.
On April 18 , the impatient Mohammed ordered a general attack. Giustiani had
no artillery like Mohammed's , but he defended the wall with small cannons, catapults,
muskets, crossbows, and "wall guns, " small, portable cannons that fired five lead balls
with each shot . He mowed the Turks down in heaps . Mohammed was so enraged by
the failure of his infantry, he thought about loading their bodies into the bombards
and shooting them over the walls of Constantinople .
At the same time the Turkish fleet tried to break the chain across the Golden
Horn , as the Venetians had done three centuries before. But the chain remained
unbroken . The Turkish navy was not the Venetian navy. It proved that two days
later.
Three Genoese warships loaded with soldiers and munitions approached the
harbor, escorting an East Roman grain ship. The Turkish admiral, a renegade Bul-
garian named Baltoglu, led 145 Turkish galleys out to capture the Christian ships.
The Genoese smashed through the Turkish fleet, ramming some galleys and snap-
ping banks of oars off others . The Constantinople garrison lowered the chain to let
the Christian ships in, then raised it again. Mohammed again flew into a rage and ordered Baltoglu to be impaled. His officers, fearing the precedent that executing a
commanding officer would set, talked him out of that . So Mohammed had four slaves
spread-eagle Baltoglu on the ground while he beat the unfortunate admiral with a
heavy stick.
The sultan sent an envoy to the Emperor with a proposal : that Constantine move
to the Pelopennesus in Greece and rule from there but let Mohammed have the city.
Constantine refused.
Because he could not break the chain across the Golden Horn , Mohammed
decided to go around it. He sent workers to level the mile of dry land between the
Bosphorus and a stream called The Springs. They built a wooden runway, greased it,
and dragged 70 ships over it . Next, he built a floating bridge over the Golden Horn .
Now he could concentrate his forces anywhere he wanted .
On May 7, Mohammed launched another assault on the walls. Giustiani and his
men beat it back with heavy losses. Mohammed tried again May 12 and suffered even
heavier losses. The sultan, however, was constantly getting reinforcements . The East
Romans were not .
The Turks on May 18 rolled a siege tower up to the moat . Gunners on its top
could shoot down on the walls to clear them of defenders. As the attackers attempted
to get the tower across the moat , Giustiani rolled barrels of gunpowder into the ditch
and blew it up .
"What I would not give to win that man over to my side, " Mohammed said. He
attempted to bribe the Genoese, but Giustiani would not be tempted .
Above-ground assaults having failed, Mohammed tried mining . Johann Grant
half-buried drums behind the walls. The vibrations of the drums showed him where
the enemy was digging . Then he dug counter mines . He blew up some Turkish tun-
nels and filled others with poisonous sulfur dioxide from fire pots . He flooded other
tunnels or sent infantry through his countermines to kill the Turkish diggers .
Mohammed was growing worried . He feared that if he didn't take Constanti-
nople soon, the Christian nations would unite and send relief. He ordered an assault
on all of the walls to begin May 29 . It would continue night and day until the city
was taken . The defenders had to extend themselves to the breaking point , but they
continued to beat off the waves of Turkish attackers.
At the north end of the land walls, where they joined the wall along the Golden
Horn , the Turks got a break. From ancient times there had been a tiny postern gate
in the ditch . Emperor Isaac Angelus had blocked it up during the crusader troubles in
1204, but it had recently been reopened—and forgotten . Some Janissaries found the
undefended gate and rushed in. Their greed almost destroyed this golden opportu-
nity. They were plundering the palaces when defenders led by the Bocchiardi broth-
ers, who were Latin volunteers, closed the postern passage and cut off their retreat .
Driven out of the palace, the Turks ran south , inside the inner wall.
Meanwhile, Giustiani was fatally wounded , causing some confusion among his
troops . Then , the Turkish fugitives hit them in the flank . The main Turkish army got
over the wall, Constantine led a countercharge and was killed, and Constantinople
became a Turkish city.
There was a massacre, of course, but Mohammed stopped it. He had no wish
to rule a desert . He gave the Christians in the city freedom to worship in their own
way and appointed the Latin-hating Gennadius patriarch . Constantinople has been a
Turkish city ever since.
Khamis, 28 Mac 2013
KENALI RUMELI HISARI
Rumeli Hisari dari Selat Bosforus |
A. INTRODUCTION
- Rumelihisarı (Rumelian Castle) is a fortress located in the Sarıyer district of Istanbul, Turkey, on a hill at the European side of the Bosphorus. It gives the name of the quarter around it. It was built by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II between 1451 and 1452, before he conquered Constantinople. The three great towers were named after three of Mehmed II's viziers, Sadrazam Çandarlı Halil Pasha, who built the big tower next to the gate, Zağanos Pasha, who built the south tower, and Sarıca Pasha, who built the north tower.
Rumeli Hisari dari Bosforus |
B. CONSTRUCTION
- Rumelihisarı is situated at the narrowest point with 660 meters of the Bosphorus strait, just opposite of Anadoluhisarı (Anatolian Castle) on the Anatolian side, which is another Ottoman fortress that was built between 1393 and 1394 by Sultan Bayezid I.
- Rumelihisarı was built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1451 and 1452 in order to control the sea traffic on the Bosphorus strait and prevent aid from the Black Sea to reach Constantinople during the Turkish siege of the city in 1453, particularly from the Genoese colonies such as Caffa, Sinop and Amasra.
- In a previous Ottoman attempt to conquer the city, Sultan Murad II (1404–1451) had encountered difficulties due to a blockade of the Bosphorus by the Byzantine fleet. The necessity of a fortress opposite of Anadoluhisarı was thus well known to the Ottomans.
- On the location of Rumelihisarı, there had been a Roman fortification in the past, which was used as a prison by the Byzantines and Genoese. Later on, a monastery was built there.
- In preparation for the conquest of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II (1432–1481), son of Murad II, started to realize the construction of the fortress immediately following his second ascent to the throne in 1451. He refused the plea for peace of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI (1404–1453), who understood the intention of the Sultan.
- The construction began on 15 April 1452. Each one of the three main towers was named after the Pashas who supervised their construction. The Sultan personally inspected the activities on the site. With the help of thousands of masons and workers, the fortress was completed in a record time of 4 months and 16 days on 31 August 1452.
- The sultan wanted to cheer up the builders so he allegedly ordered them to build the castle in the shape of the name of Muhammad the Muslim prophet, which can be seen from above. Muhammad and Mehmed share the same Arabic spelling (محمد), and so he may have also made the fortress as an homage to himself.
Peta Rumeli Hisari |
C.ARCHITECTURE
- The Rumelihisarı fortification has one small tower, three main towers, and thirteen small watchtowers placed on the walls connecting the main towers. One watchtower is in the form of a quadrangular prism, six watchtowers are shaped as prisms with multiple corners and six others are cylindrical.
- The main tower in the north, the Saruca Pasha Tower, is in cylindrical form with its 9 stories and height of 28 m (92 ft), has a diameter of 23.30 m (76.4 ft) and its walls are 7 m (23 ft) thick. Today, this tower is called the Fatih (Conqueror) Tower after Sultan Mehmed II.
- Halil Pasha Tower, a dodecagon prism, which stands at the waterfront in the middle of the fortress, has also 9 stories. It is 22 m (72 ft) high with a 23.30 m (76.4 ft) diameter and the walls are 6.50 m (21.3 ft) thick.
- The main tower in the south, the Zağanos Pasha Tower, has only 8 stories. The cylindrical tower is 21 m (69 ft) high, has a 26.70 m (87.6 ft) diameter with 5.70 m (18.7 ft) thick walls.
- The space within each tower was divided up with wooden floors, each equipped with a furnace. Conical wooden roofs covered with lead crowned the towers. The outer curtain walls of the fortress are from north to south 250 m (820 ft) long and from east to west varying between 50 and 125 m (164 and 410 ft) long. Its total area is 31,250 m2 (336,372 sq ft).
- The fortress had three main gates next to the main towers, one side gate and two secret gates for the arsenal and food cellars next to the southern tower.
- There were wooden houses for the soldiers and a small mosque, endowed by the Sultan at the time of construction. Only the minaret shaft remains of the original mosque, while the small masjid added in the mid-16th century has not survived.
- Water was supplied to the fortress from a large cistern underneath the mosque and distributed through three wall-fountains, of which only one has remained. Two inscriptive plaques are found attached on the walls.
- The fortress, designed by architect Müslihiddin, was initially called "Boğazkesen", literally meaning "The Strait Cutter", referring to the Bosporus Strait. The name carries a secondary and more macabre meaning; as boğaz not only means strait but also "throat" in Turkish.
- It was later renamed as Rumelihisarı, which means "Fortress on the Land of the Romans", i.e. Byzantine Europe, or the Balkan peninsula.
Pemandangan dari Rumeli Hisari |
D. USAGES
- A battalion of 400 Janissaries were stationed in the fortress, and large cannons were placed in the Halil Pasha Tower, the main tower on the waterfront. A Venetian ship coming from the Black Sea which ignored the order to halt by the commander of the fortress, Firuz Ağa, was bombarded and sunk, and its surviving crewmen were impaled as a warning to any who might attempt the same.
- These cannons were later used until the second half of the 19th century to greet the sultan when he passed by sea.
- After the fall of Constantinople, the fortress served as a customs checkpoint. Rumelihisarı, which was designated to control the passage of ships through the strait, eventually lost its strategic importance when a second pair of fortresses was built further up the Bosphorus, where the strait meets the Black Sea.
- In the 17th century, it was used as a prison, primarily for foreign prisoners of war. Rumelihisarı was partly destroyed by an earthquake in 1509, but was repaired soon after.
- In 1746, a fire destroyed all the wooden parts in two of the main towers. The fortress was repaired by Sultan Selim III (1761–1807). However, a new residential neighborhood was formed inside the fortress after it was abandoned in the 19th century.
Pembukaan Istanbul (Pembukaan Agung)
- Kota Constantinople pada era Byzantine
Peta wilayah timur Mediterranean pada 1450Peta wilayah timur Mediterranean pada 1450 (versi Arab) - Sultan Muhammad 2 telah membina sebuah kubu (dikenali sebagai "Rumeli Hisari") di Selat Bosforus untuk menghalang bekalan-bekalan sampai ke Konstantinapol dari kerajaan Trabzon.
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Peta Rumeli Hisari
Pemandangan Selat Bosforus dari Rumeli HisariPemandangan Rumeli Hisari dari Selat BosforusPemandangan Rumeli Hisari dari Selat Bosforus dari jarak dekat. Kelihatan Menara Halil PashaPemandangan bahagian Asia dari Turki dari Rumeli Hisari. Kelihatan Menara Halil Pasha dan Jambatan al-Fatih. - Apabila hal ini sampai kepada Maharaja Baizantin, Constantine XI(60) Palaiologos, dia telah menghantar utusan kepada baginda bagi mengajukan kesediaannya membayar jizyah kepada baginda dengan syarat baginda tidak membina kubu tersebut.
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Kepungan al-Fatih dan bala tenteranya terhadap kota Constantinople. Pasukan tentera infantri terdiri daripada pasukan utama yang dipimpin sendiri oleh al-Fatih dan pasukan kedua oleh Zaganos Pasha, manakala pasukan armada laut diketuai oleh Hamza Bey.
- Sultan Muhammad 2 telah mengepung bandar tersebut pada tahun 1453 dari arah daratan dengan kekuatan tentera mencecah 250,000 orang tentera manakala dari arah laut, satu armada kapal perang daripada 180 buah kapal.
- Baginda juga telah meletakkan sekitar bandar tersebut, 14 buah pencucuh artileri yang diletakkan padanya meriam gergasi sepanjang 80 hasta (36.576m) yang mampu melancarkan batu seberat sepuluh paun (25 kg) dengan jarak satu batu.
- Salah seorang ahli sejarah Rom Timur menyatakan bahawa berat batu 300 kg dan jarak tembakan lebih dari 1 batu dan menggerakkannya memerlukan 700 orang lelaki.
Bola batu seberat 300 kgMeriam Dardanelles: adalah senjata pengepungan sejak sejurus selepas kejatuhan Constantinople pada 1453. Ia dicetak dalam gangsa dan telah dibuat dalam dua bahagian: laras yang memegang tembakan dan ruang yang memegang pembakaran. Dua bahagian skru bersama-sama dan terdapat cincin soket di hujung setiap bahagian, ini diambil tuil untuk memudahkan 2 bahagian ini dipasang dan dibuka. .
Panjang keseluruhan adalah 5.2 m dan ia berat 16,8 tan metrik. Ia menembak bola batu kira-kira 300 kg beberapa 1600 m. Kadar kebakaran adalah sangat perlahan - kira-kira 15 pusingan setiap hari. - Maharaja Constantine XI Palaiologos berasa terancam dan meminta bantuan daripada raja-raja Eropah. Mereka menghantar armada laut kepadanya bagi memecahkan kepungan dari kota Constantinople kerana mereka mengetahui bahawa kota itu mempunyai 3 lapis tembok yang tidak mungkin ditembusi kecuali daripada sebelah teluk di mana ia mempunyai hanya satu lapis tembok.
- Armada laut bantuan kepada Rom Timur dari Genoa, Itali di bawah Komander Justiniani yang datang dari arah laut dan cuba untuk memasuki pelabuhan Constantinople maka ia telah ditentang oleh kapal-kapal laut Usmaniyyah dan telah berlaku peperangan sengit antara mereka pada 11.4.857 hijrah bersamaan 21.4.1453.
- Ia berakhir dengan kemenangan Justiniani dan pasukannya memasuki kota selepas tentera Constantinople menaikkan rantai besi yang dipasang untuk menghalang kapal-kapal Usmaniyyah daripada sampai kepada mereka, kemudian rantai itu dikembalikan seperti asal selepas Justiniani dan pasukannya melepasinya.
- Selepas itu, Sultan memikirkan jalan memasukkan kapal-kapalnya ke pelabuhan Constantinople untuk menyempurnakan kepungan darat dan laut maka terlintas di fikirannya idea ganjil iaitu memindahkan kapal-kapal laut di atas daratan untuk melepasi rantai besi yang dipasang untuk menghalang mereka.
- Idea ganjil ini disempurnakan dengan membuka jalan di atas darat, yang telah berbeza pendapat tentang jaraknya dan pendapat yang kuat mengatakan jaraknya adalah 2 farsakh (6 batu) dan timbunan kayu dicurahkan minyak dan lemak supaya memudahkan gelongsor kapal-kapal di atasnya.
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Gambaran pelukis bagaimana al-Fatih memantau usaha penarikan kapal-kapal perangnya - Dengan cara ini, dapatlah dipindahkan sebanyak 70 buah kapal pada satu malam sehingga ketika siang menjelma dan orang yang terkepung melihatnya, mereka berasa yakin tidak dapat dielakkan kemenangan tentera Usmaniyyah ke atas mereka tetapi ia tidak melemahkan semangat mereka bahkan telah menambah sifat agresif dan berazam untuk mempertahankan tanahair mereka hingga mati.
- Pada tanggal 15.5.857 Hijrah bersamaan 24 Mei 1453, Sultan Muhammad telah menghantar (wakil) kepada Maharaja Rom Constantine XI Palaiologos memberitahunya bahawasanya jika dia menyerahkan negara itu kepadanya secara sukarela, baginda berjanji kepadanya dengan tidak mengusik kebebasan ahlinya atau harta benda mereka dan akan memberinya Kepulauan Crete tetapi dia tidak menerima usul itu bahkan memilih kematian ke atas penyerahan kota.
- Ketika itu, Sultan memberi peringatan kepada tenteranya agar bersiap sedia untuk serangan besar-besaran pada 20 Jamadil Awwal 857 hijrah bersamaan 29 Mei 1453 dan baginda telah menjanjikan kepada tenteranya dengan ganjaran apabila kemenangan telah disempurnakan dan membahagikan mereka tanah yang banyak.
- Pada malam sebelum hari dijanjikan (serangan), tentera Usmaniyyah telah menyalakan lampu di depan khemah-khemah mereka untuk meraikan kemenangan yang pasti bagi mereka dan berterusan sepanjang malam mereka bertahlil dan bertakbir sehingga apabila menjelang fajar, telah dikeluarkan kepada mereka arahan menyerang.
- Maka 150 ribu orang tentera telah menyerang dan memanjat tembok kota sehingga memasuki bandar dari segenap penjuru dan menghunus pedang pada sesiapa yang menentang mereka.
Tembok kota yang telah diperbaiki
- Mereka telah memasuki Gereja St. Sophia di mana Ketua Paderi sedang berdoa dan bersama-samanya sebilangan besar penduduk kota.
- Ketua Paderi keluar dari gereja dan dia menyempurnakan doanya yang terputus ketika tentera Usmaniyyah memasukinya ketika pembukaan. Telah mencatat sebahagian mereka kemenangan nyata ini (negara yang baik) pada tahun 857 Hijrah dan dinamakan bandar sebagai “Islambul” iaitu di bawah Islam atau bandar Islam.
- Adapun Maharaja Rom telah berperang sehingga terbunuh dalam mempertahankan tanahairnya dan selepas dibuka , ia dijadikan sebagai ibu negara dan akan kekal begitu.
- Perlu diperingatkan bahawa tentera Islam telah mengepung kota ini sebanyak 11 kali sebelum ini, 7 daripadanya ketika 2 kurun Islam yang pertama.
- Kemudian sempurna kemasukan Sultan ke dalam bandar pada waktu Zohor maka baginda dapati tentera sibuk dengan rampasan dan penggeledahan dan lain-lain maka baginda telah mengeluarkan perintah menghalang segala kekerasan, maka keamanan menguasai serta merta.
Gambaran pelukis suasana ketika al-Fatih memasuki kota Constantinople
- Kemudian baginda memenziarahi Gereja St. Sophia dan mengizinkan solat di dalamnya secara warta dengan menjadikannya sebagai masjid besar bagi umat Islam.
- Maka selepas sempurna pembukaan, baginda telah mengumumkan pada segenap penjuru bahawasanya tidak dihalang mendirikan syiar agama Nasrani bahkan dijamin bagi mereka kebebasan beragama dan keselamatan harta mereka. Maka pulanglah sebahagian mereka yang telah berpindah dan memberikan mereka separuh ruang gereja dan menjadikan separuh lain sebagai masjid.
- Kemudian baginda mengumpulkan ketua-ketua agama nasrani untuk memilih ketua paderi. Maka mereka telah memilih George Scolaris.
- Sultan telah berpegang dengan keputusan pemilihan ini dan menjadikannya ketua bagi minoriti Rom dan meraikan perlantikannya dengan kemegahan dan peraturan yang sama sebagaimana yang diamalkan oleh paderi-paderi pada zaman Maharaja Rom Nasrani.
- Sultan telah memberinya pengawal dari Unit Janissari dan memberinya hak penghakiman dalam kes-kes sivil dan jenayah dengan semua jenisnya yang berkaitan dengan orang Rom dan telah dilantik juga bersamanya sebuah majlis yang terdiri daripada pegawai-pegawai utama gereja dan hak ini telah diberikan di wilayah kepada para paderi. Sebagai balasan pemberian ini, mereka perlu membayar kharaj terkecuali ketua-ketua agama sahaja.
- Semasa peperangan, para pejuang telah menemui kubur sahabat besar Abu Ayyub al-Ansari yang telah syahid pada 52 hijrah ketika mengepung Constantinople di zaman Khalifah Muawiyyah Abu Sufian r.a.
- Selepas pembukaan, Sultan telah membina sebuah masjid di sekitar kuburnya dan menjadikan tradisi Usmaniyyah bahawa semua sultan ketika perlantikannya membawa pedang “al-Ghazi” Usman 1 di masjid ini dan kekal tradisi ini sehingga berakhir Daulah Usmaniyyah.
Isnin, 25 Mac 2013
Pelajaran 5: Sultan Muhammad 2 (alFatih) bin Murad
Biodata Muhammad Kedua
• Nama: Muhammad bin Murad dan digelar "Si Penakluk".
• Dilahirkan Sultan Mehmet Penakluk pada 26 Rejab 833 Hijrah - 20 April (Mac) 1429, sultan Uthmaniyyah ketujuh, dan menerima tampuk pemerintahan pada Januari 855 e 1451.
• Telah memerintah hampir tiga puluh tahun yang dikenali era pengembangan ketara khilafah Islam.
• Ketika dilantik sebagai Raja, seluruh Asia Minor di dalam kuasa Sultan Empayar Uthmaniyyah kecuali sebahagian negara Qirman dan bandar Sinop di Laut Hitam dan Kerajaan Trabzon dan kota Constantinople dan pinggir bandarnya.
• Manakala kepulauan semenanjung Crete Greece diperintah oleh Portugis dan negara Albania adalah di bawah pemerintahan Iskandar Bek yang bersekutu dengan kota Venice untuk memudahkan perdagangan dari India dan China di Jalan Sutera dan Mesir ke Eropah.
Kedudukan negara-negara di gugusan Asia Kecil |
Perluasan Usmaniyyah 1300-1683 |
Tarikh perluasan wilayah Khilafah Usmaniyyah |
Sultan Muhammad 2 |
Tandatangan alFatih |
Singgahsana alFatih |
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